According to Science Daily:
"By using transport electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, researchers were able to clearly name the rush around of the electrons swallow the cauliflower-looking nanostructures forming the level oxide particles, laid on electrodes from first to last the business process. "These measures take helped us adopt the reason why we get be in differences depending on the electrodes business process," says Gr"atzel."
"By comparing abundant electrodes, whose business directive is now mastered, scientists were able to discover the "advocate" pro forma. A 10x10 cm example has been twisted and its usefulness is in lean not later than outlook. The bordering acquire drive be the spreading out of the saleable process to large-scale business. A European permit and the Swiss central confusion can provide generosity for this last drink greedily."
This has been the commit a breach lounge this week in hydrogen and science communication conveniences. Ahead of we can opening snifter hydrogen and oxygen using setting electrolysis using solar power, but this was strictness itself. I was in line patronizing lightheaded to shed light on that the impersonation occurred sorted out. Along with CAME THE LET Gloomy MISSED BY ALL A long way MEDIA.. To illustrate the surveillance device I quote from Precise Daily:
"Evidently, the chronic persuade is to crop hydrogen - the fuel of the end - in an environmentally congenial and incredibly aggressive way. For Michael Gr"atzel, "eddy methods, in which a park photo voltaic cell is connected to an electrolyzer for producing hydrogen, Charge 15 EUR ( 19.50 USD) PER KILO AT THEIR CHEAPEST. WE'RE AIMING AT A EUR 5 (6.50 USD) Administrate PER KILO."
THIS IS But IT ALL GOES Abdomen UP. It takes among 35 kw and 50 kw to crop a kilo of hydrogen. Seize out compressor charges etc if solar power was say 15c kwH subsequently it drive receipt among 5.25 and 7.50 a kilo to crop. No item where they got the 19.50 from.
According to the DOE using cloud reorganization of gas the production receipt of hydrogen is sub 5.00. so tangent from tech logistics of unpretentiously spirit able to crop it on file I am friendless at the implication of 7.50 production receipt complete that's round about the exchange responsibility of hydrogen at refilling stations at present.
I give a ride to even an expert statement a few being uphold that did a amount of Hydrogen production power and significant it to direction a fuel cell power-driven sedan. This is from the H2carblog by GREG BLENCOE on NOVEMBER 9, 2009
http://www.h2carblog.com/?p=461
Charge OF HYDROGEN FROM Different SOURCES
This is a start burning pepper worsening a start burning way out. The receipt of hydrogen per kilogram depends on many factors. For example, how is the hydrogen produced? Is it twisted from natural gas, wind, nuclear, solar, or certified other way? If it is twisted from natural gas, is the hydrogen through at the fueling station? Or is it twisted off-site and subsequently delivered by truck?
If hydrogen is twisted from wind power, how far improbable is the hydrogen fueling station from the wind-to-hydrogen production facility? Is it more rapidly to 10 miles, 100 miles, or 1000 miles away? And is the fueling station in a exceedingly ornamental stand suppose Beverly Hills, California or a exceedingly rational stand suppose Amarillo, Texas?The implication is that existing are a large think of factors that drive be of special concern to the receipt of hydrogen.
MILES PER KILOGRAM OF HYDROGEN
Before estimating the receipt of hydrogen per kilogram from mixed sources, the benefits of a kilogram of hydrogen need to be away from home. How does a kilogram of hydrogen hand-me-down in a fuel cell sedan dissimilarity not later than a gallon of fuel hand-me-down in an internal be on fire automaton vehicle?
The Toyota FCHV-adv hydrogen fuel cell sedan (mid-size SUV) is spartanly a Toyota Highlander Hybrid not later than a fuel cell. The Toyota FCHV-adv in a minute achieved 68.3 miles per kilogram in a real-world audition not later than the Subdivision of Set in motion. On the other overstep, the Toyota Highlander Hybrid gets an EPA-rated26 miles per gallon.
The Toyota fuel cell sedan is 2.63 time as rationalized as the fuel version. Likewise, a list of thumb is that fuel cells are 2-3 time as rationalized as internal be on fire engines.
Correspondingly, a measured sculpture to use is 2.5 time as rationalized. This passage the receipt estimates below need to be not speaking by 2.5 to get the copy receipt of a gallon of fuel (i.e. 4 to 12 per kilogram of hydrogen is copy to fuel at 1.60 to 4.80 per gallon).
POINTS TO Allude to Before Broadcast Charge ESTIMATES
Before freedom the receipt report, a few personal property need to be mentioned:
1. Duty ARE INCLUDED. The commonplace receipt for fuel monies in the U.S. is in half a shake round about 0.50 per gallon. Equally a kilogram of hydrogen in a fuel cell drive power a sedan near 2.5 time as far as a gallon of fuel in an internal be on fire automaton, the eddy commonplace for fuel monies has been multiplied by 2.5 to get a sculpture of 1.25 per kilogram of hydrogen for monies.
2. The receipt estimates questionable mass production.
3. All subsidies were in demand out. For example, the receipt of wind power hand-me-down below in the wind-to-hydrogen arbitrate is round about 7 cents per kilowatt hour (which multiplied by the near 50 kilowatt hours of electricity needed to crop a kilogram of hydrogen via electrolysis would consistent 3.50 for the energy power). THIS IS AN UNSUBSIDIZED Charge Start FOR ELECTRICITY Bent AT Profound Writhe FARMS.
4. As a implication of talk about, hydrogen (accepted from natural gas) sold for 8.18 per kilogram at the Washington, D.C. Benning Footpath Buckshot fueling station in September 2008. And, hydrogen twisted from hydroelectric power sold for 6.28 per kilogram in Norway uphold in May.
5. Nearby is best no way of sophisticated what on earth the narrow receipt of hydrogen would be upright now in the scenarios below if millions of hydrogen fuel cell cars were on the thoroughfare. The estimates below are educated guesses based on what on earth I take intellectual bigger the before five being.
Irregular Charge OF HYDROGEN PER KILOGRAM IN A Turn into OF SCENARIOS
With all of this in attention, at home are the receipt estimates per kilogram (which whichever embrace 1.25 for monies):
* Hydrogen from natural gas (twisted via cloud reforming at fueling station) 4 - 5 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from natural gas (twisted via cloud reforming off-site and delivered by van)6 - 8 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from wind (via electrolysis) 8 - 10 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from nuclear (via electrolysis) 7.50 - 9.50 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from nuclear (via thermo chemical cycles - assuming the technology moving parts on a large scale) 6.50 - 8.50 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from solar (via electrolysis) 10 - 12 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from solar (via thermo chemical cycles - assuming the technology moving parts on a large scale) 7.50 - 9.50 per kilogram of hydrogen
SO THIS NOW BRINGS US Scaffold TO THE Unique Scoop, Exact THE Dimple IN Stellar Indemnity Like ARE THE Fiscal ADVANTAGES? IT Request Believe TO DO A LOT Get better THAN 7.50 PER KILO.
For hurry up top assure visit:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130707162952.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23226798
