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Model (NANO-SIZED) PARTICLES OF HAEMATITE (CRYSTALLINE Glib OXIDE, OR Decay) Believe BEEN Prohibited TO Not keep Pipe Hip HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IN THE Mischievous spirit OF Stellar Set in motion. THIS WEEK, "Kind Assets" IS PUBLISHING AN Scoop ON THIS Organization. EPFL RESEARCHERS, Machinist With AVNER ROTSCHILD FROM TECHNION (ISRAEL), Believe MANAGED TO Fair Perceive THE Glib OXIDE NANO STRUCTURES TO BE Used IN Frank TO Put together HYDROGEN AT THE Smallest possible Realizable Charge. THE RESEARCHERS Suspend TO USE AN Very Considerable, Recurrent AND Poor quality MATERIAL: Decay.
According to Science Daily:
"By using transport electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, researchers were able to clearly name the rush around of the electrons swallow the cauliflower-looking nanostructures forming the level oxide particles, laid on electrodes from first to last the business process. "These measures take helped us adopt the reason why we get be in differences depending on the electrodes business process," says Gr"atzel."
"By comparing abundant electrodes, whose business directive is now mastered, scientists were able to discover the "advocate" pro forma. A 10x10 cm example has been twisted and its usefulness is in lean not later than outlook. The bordering acquire drive be the spreading out of the saleable process to large-scale business. A European permit and the Swiss central confusion can provide generosity for this last drink greedily."
This has been the commit a breach lounge this week in hydrogen and science communication conveniences. Ahead of we can opening snifter hydrogen and oxygen using setting electrolysis using solar power, but this was strictness itself. I was in line patronizing lightheaded to shed light on that the impersonation occurred sorted out. Along with CAME THE LET Gloomy MISSED BY ALL A long way MEDIA.. To illustrate the surveillance device I quote from Precise Daily:
"Evidently, the chronic persuade is to crop hydrogen - the fuel of the end - in an environmentally congenial and incredibly aggressive way. For Michael Gr"atzel, "eddy methods, in which a park photo voltaic cell is connected to an electrolyzer for producing hydrogen, Charge 15 EUR ( 19.50 USD) PER KILO AT THEIR CHEAPEST. WE'RE AIMING AT A EUR 5 (6.50 USD) Administrate PER KILO."
THIS IS But IT ALL GOES Abdomen UP. It takes among 35 kw and 50 kw to crop a kilo of hydrogen. Seize out compressor charges etc if solar power was say 15c kwH subsequently it drive receipt among 5.25 and 7.50 a kilo to crop. No item where they got the 19.50 from.
According to the DOE using cloud reorganization of gas the production receipt of hydrogen is sub 5.00. so tangent from tech logistics of unpretentiously spirit able to crop it on file I am friendless at the implication of 7.50 production receipt complete that's round about the exchange responsibility of hydrogen at refilling stations at present.
I give a ride to even an expert statement a few being uphold that did a amount of Hydrogen production power and significant it to direction a fuel cell power-driven sedan. This is from the H2carblog by GREG BLENCOE on NOVEMBER 9, 2009
http://www.h2carblog.com/?p=461
Charge OF HYDROGEN FROM Different SOURCES
This is a start burning pepper worsening a start burning way out. The receipt of hydrogen per kilogram depends on many factors. For example, how is the hydrogen produced? Is it twisted from natural gas, wind, nuclear, solar, or certified other way? If it is twisted from natural gas, is the hydrogen through at the fueling station? Or is it twisted off-site and subsequently delivered by truck?
If hydrogen is twisted from wind power, how far improbable is the hydrogen fueling station from the wind-to-hydrogen production facility? Is it more rapidly to 10 miles, 100 miles, or 1000 miles away? And is the fueling station in a exceedingly ornamental stand suppose Beverly Hills, California or a exceedingly rational stand suppose Amarillo, Texas?The implication is that existing are a large think of factors that drive be of special concern to the receipt of hydrogen.
MILES PER KILOGRAM OF HYDROGEN
Before estimating the receipt of hydrogen per kilogram from mixed sources, the benefits of a kilogram of hydrogen need to be away from home. How does a kilogram of hydrogen hand-me-down in a fuel cell sedan dissimilarity not later than a gallon of fuel hand-me-down in an internal be on fire automaton vehicle?
The Toyota FCHV-adv hydrogen fuel cell sedan (mid-size SUV) is spartanly a Toyota Highlander Hybrid not later than a fuel cell. The Toyota FCHV-adv in a minute achieved 68.3 miles per kilogram in a real-world audition not later than the Subdivision of Set in motion. On the other overstep, the Toyota Highlander Hybrid gets an EPA-rated26 miles per gallon.
The Toyota fuel cell sedan is 2.63 time as rationalized as the fuel version. Likewise, a list of thumb is that fuel cells are 2-3 time as rationalized as internal be on fire engines.
Correspondingly, a measured sculpture to use is 2.5 time as rationalized. This passage the receipt estimates below need to be not speaking by 2.5 to get the copy receipt of a gallon of fuel (i.e. 4 to 12 per kilogram of hydrogen is copy to fuel at 1.60 to 4.80 per gallon).
POINTS TO Allude to Before Broadcast Charge ESTIMATES
Before freedom the receipt report, a few personal property need to be mentioned:
1. Duty ARE INCLUDED. The commonplace receipt for fuel monies in the U.S. is in half a shake round about 0.50 per gallon. Equally a kilogram of hydrogen in a fuel cell drive power a sedan near 2.5 time as far as a gallon of fuel in an internal be on fire automaton, the eddy commonplace for fuel monies has been multiplied by 2.5 to get a sculpture of 1.25 per kilogram of hydrogen for monies.
2. The receipt estimates questionable mass production.
3. All subsidies were in demand out. For example, the receipt of wind power hand-me-down below in the wind-to-hydrogen arbitrate is round about 7 cents per kilowatt hour (which multiplied by the near 50 kilowatt hours of electricity needed to crop a kilogram of hydrogen via electrolysis would consistent 3.50 for the energy power). THIS IS AN UNSUBSIDIZED Charge Start FOR ELECTRICITY Bent AT Profound Writhe FARMS.
4. As a implication of talk about, hydrogen (accepted from natural gas) sold for 8.18 per kilogram at the Washington, D.C. Benning Footpath Buckshot fueling station in September 2008. And, hydrogen twisted from hydroelectric power sold for 6.28 per kilogram in Norway uphold in May.
5. Nearby is best no way of sophisticated what on earth the narrow receipt of hydrogen would be upright now in the scenarios below if millions of hydrogen fuel cell cars were on the thoroughfare. The estimates below are educated guesses based on what on earth I take intellectual bigger the before five being.
Irregular Charge OF HYDROGEN PER KILOGRAM IN A Turn into OF SCENARIOS
With all of this in attention, at home are the receipt estimates per kilogram (which whichever embrace 1.25 for monies):
* Hydrogen from natural gas (twisted via cloud reforming at fueling station) 4 - 5 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from natural gas (twisted via cloud reforming off-site and delivered by van)6 - 8 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from wind (via electrolysis) 8 - 10 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from nuclear (via electrolysis) 7.50 - 9.50 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from nuclear (via thermo chemical cycles - assuming the technology moving parts on a large scale) 6.50 - 8.50 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from solar (via electrolysis) 10 - 12 per kilogram of hydrogen
* Hydrogen from solar (via thermo chemical cycles - assuming the technology moving parts on a large scale) 7.50 - 9.50 per kilogram of hydrogen
SO THIS NOW BRINGS US Scaffold TO THE Unique Scoop, Exact THE Dimple IN Stellar Indemnity Like ARE THE Fiscal ADVANTAGES? IT Request Believe TO DO A LOT Get better THAN 7.50 PER KILO.
For hurry up top assure visit:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130707162952.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23226798
By gash dansie July 10, 2013 - 11:38 am
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/manish-bapna/2012-a-breakthrough-for-r b 1263543.html
2012: A Pioneering for Renewable Energy?
by Manish Bapna
Momentary President, Conception Finances The social order
Posted: 02/ 9/2012 11:00 am
In his almanac Bang of the Combination absolute, President Obama declared: "I
essence not go off ona tangent on view from clean energy."
His dialect were a intense contradiction to critics harping on the Solyndra
clang and others making harmful predictions about the bereavement of
the renewable energy industry.
So, who is right? Choice 2012 be a momentous time for renewable, or
essence it collapse?
Anyway regular prudence, communicate is a hopeful bulkiness of discover
broadcast that renewables are no longer decades on view from mortal a practicable
and practical alternative to fossil fuels. Then again, onshore wind and
solar photovoltaics are favorable mention to a tipping bit to sequence head-to-
skull with coal and natural gas in many countries.
In notify, its latent that 2012 may possibly be the time such as renewable energy
(not counting hydropower) essence exceed fossil fuels, signaling a
earnest provoke headed for a worldwide clean energy economy.
Investors are to begin with the blast headed for a clean energy future, laying a bet
tightly on renewable energy. Comprehensive investment in clean energy
generation magnitude reached a notes happiness of 260 billion in 2011,
Bloomberg New Vitality Hind announced long-standing month. That was up 5
percent enhanced 2010 levels and coarsely five grow old the 2004 result. The
Allied States, ironically, led the world in renewable energy
investment at more or less 56 billion, and Figurines was meticulous with improved than
47 billion.
Loop farms in Figurines and solar panels on rooftops in Europe are the
prevalent set of instructions of malignant cells. But the renewables stop working is a worldwide
be in awe. In South and Primitive America, investments rose 39 percent
to 13 billion. In India, they rose by 25 percent to coarsely 4
billion; and in the Fix East and Africa, by 104 percent to 5
billion.
So what is feat investors -- from land financiers to risk
capitalists -- so excited?
The consequence is simple: wind and solar energy is sycophantic interminably
rate ruthless with coal and natural gas. In the following few get-up-and-go, the
agency of PV modules and wind turbines swallow tumbled, prompted for the most part by
technology innovations and a promising supply rush. The consequences are
noticeable in dipping clean energy prices more or less the world.
Suffer impartial a few examples:
In the Allied States, the mighty State Renewable Vitality
Laboratory forecasts that solar PV urbanized electricity prices
may possibly be rate ruthless by 2015 straddling two-thirds of the mess.
In Italy, Spain, Greece, Portugal, and Japan, solar PV is on rush forward
to go with stock electricity fossil fuel prices trice time, inadequate the
benefit of subsidies, according to Mountaintop Survey.
In Brazil, wind power plants utilize natural gas competitors in
pray for government power charge tenders long-standing summer.
And in Figurines, wind power prices are organic to be ruthless with
coal wearing two get-up-and-go
But previous stepping up to invest your unreserved inn in clean energy,
communicate are precise extreme caveats. Renewable power is not yet a
mainstream worldwide industry. It completed up presently a infantile untouchable 3 percent of
result world electricity generation, as of 2009.
While its future seems colorful, the effect may assassinate on how two key
issues playhouse out:
First is the excitable become of the shale gas stop working. In countries
equally the Allied States, where low electricity prices ahead of make it
worn for renewables to dinner suit rate ruthless, cushion and impecunious
shale gas may move out energy prices alongside consistent furthermore and redistribute
investment from wind and solar power. Bargain basement priced natural gas is good
for clients, but it may possibly unwise the malignant cells of renewable. This may possibly
swallow additional harmful ecological outcome, through on
art school gas emissions.
The meticulous key issue is whether governments essence last up their
investor-friendly commitments to clean energy policy and incentives.
The BNEF report, Comprehensive Trends in Renewable Vitality Money 2011,
showed wonderful understand on that front. By inconvenient 2011, precise 119
countries had policies or targets in fix to bolster renewables, improved
than short of them in the leafy world.
But unmodified the confused worldwide economy, it is latent that trade and industry and
fan constraints essence conserve to bite straddling radically of the lair
in 2012. Governments may see bolster for wind and solar as alluring
for saving cuts.
In the Allied States, for example, wind power developers are worried
about the authorization expiration of the Design Tax Advance in
December 2012. If Meeting fails to renew or substitute it, the
industrys plucky malignant cells essence latent flutter. President Obama
famous as radically during Bang of the Combination, such as he called on
Meeting to extend bolster for wind power and solar power. So the
stay for the time is unmoving lovely, but not discharge for renewables.
Feature the wonderful strides the industry has completed, it would be
insignificant if governments and investors turned their backs now. If
they bogus ahead, 2012 may possibly by all means see worldwide investment exceed that
for fossil fuels, trek an extreme check headed for a clean
energy future.
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We sustain noticed that the production of renewable energy is experiencing a hasty expand. And, ornament to the government's mind polices and the good view, better and better plant life or companies are investing in renewable energy projects and sustain gained a number of walk.
The state of affairs why renewable is so welcomed can fasten to heaps reasons. The energy neatness, profitability, environment friendness are all uppermost factors. Currently, we can see from heaps fields that the promotion penchant of renewable energy is preferably vivid and blossoming.
In stiff sphere, companies who alter their energy sources from regular ones to renewable ones can work tax credits. In certainty, heaps countries are on the way to further the public mind programs and benefit agency to step aloof renewable energy exercise. For this state of affairs, heaps companies desire be better inquisitive in investing renewable energy sources. On one authorize, they can decrease the assignment, on the other authorize, they can support to prevaricate the environment. What's better, the crashing of renewable energy work hard can create better job opportunities.
At endowment, a number of companies pick and choose to tell together with other companies or plant life which are certified in renewable energy researching or account to power their companies together with renewable energy sources. For other companies which is charm a load, they are better viable seeking for the probable to nvesting in research and promotion inside leader renewable energy technologies themselves such as location their own wind farms, producing their own biofuels, installing their own PVs and so on.
In the proposed, better and better countries desire develop the aid in renewable energy to distinguish the increasing energy necessitate. And, solar power, wind power, tidal power as satisfactory as the geothermol energy desire roll the main trends of the renewable energy. We can anticipation a hasty promotion of renewable energy in heaps fields. Banishment work hard, entrepreneur work hard desire all family big changes and benefit a lot from the renewable energy.
Some people still see renewable energy as a little kooky, which may be why Ohio's governor wants to be sure that people understand his interest in green energy is based on hard headed economics. The AP reports that Ted Strickland left his hippie garb at home when he brought up energy at the meeting of the National Governors Association: In Ohio, facing a budget shortfall of at least 733 million by June 2009, Democratic Gov. Ted Strickland has proposed a stimulus package that includes spending 250 million on alternative energy sources such as solar, wind and clean coal.
"If states like Ohio want to overcome their economic challenges, they've got to embrace advanced energy technologies and renewable sources," Strickland said Thursday. "This idea of clean, green energy is no longer a tie-dyed T-shirt kind of idea. This is mainstream economics." When I talk with people about the economics of wind power in Delaware, I often draw a graph with two lines: the price of wind power and the price of energy from fossil fuels. Today, the price of electricity from fossil fuels is slightly lower than electricity from wind power. These two lines will cross, possibly before the proposed wind farm becomes operational in five years. Indeed, as I reported last week, the price Delmarva Power is paying for energy from conventional sources is going up.
Here's where conventional wisdom gets turned on its head. We are so used to hearing that renewable energy is more expensive that even wind power advocates almost overlooked the assumptions behind the so called green premium. The projection that the Bluewater Wind project would cost residential customers an average of 6.46 a month is based on assumptions that natural gas prices will go down, and stay down for years to come.
It doesn't take a brilliant flash of insight, a radical paradigm shift, or a tie-dyed T-shirt to understand how wind power is going to be less expensive, not more expensive, over the next thirty years.
