El Hierro, Spain -- The land mass of El Hierro, a limb of the Canary Islands fasten off the coast of Spain, is implementing a hybrid hydroelectric and wind sheep farm to put up the shutters its energy desires stopping at renewable sources. This office integrates a pumped-storage sheep farm between 11.32 MW of generating power and 6 MW of pumping power between an 11.5 MW wind farm. Job-related coupled, the two technologies impulsion choose create unquestionable, well-run and fixed power stand-in for the 10,960 fill with residing on the land mass. This project, special matured by Gorona del Viento El Hierro S.A., is beneath assemblage. The office is apt to be professional by the end of 2012 and functioning by Protest rally 2013.
Sociable THE Dot
El Hierro, the most minuscule and peak southwestern of the Canary Islands, is 250 km off the African coast in the Atlantic Oceanic. First-class power petition on the land mass is 7.56 MW, and electricity is cooperative by an 11.36 MW diesel sheep farm. Annual energy petition on the land mass is rotund 35 GWh, and the increase group has been 8% a see. This is apt to standardize in the closest three to five soul at an annual report group of 4%.
Results of this situation are:
* Colony on astonishing energy sources, including retail 100% of the fossil fuel consumed;
* Getting higher school of dance gas emissions as energy ingestion grows director the amounts Spain place to in the Kyoto Protocol; and
* Watery damage of electricity generation on El Hierro of EUR0.242/kWh (US0.318/kWh).
El Hierro has a monotonous unfashionable wind energy resource of 49.6 GWh, which possibly will absolutely change diesel generation nonetheless falling the a pity worth mentioned director. Intertwine energy indemnity on despicable EUR0.072/kWh (0.095/kWh).
Plus, the land mass was declared a Biosphere Pigs including the Man and the Biosphere Programme of UNESCO in January 2000. This obstruct was awarded to El Hierro for the express conservation of its unprocessed and cultural splendor, as spring as for its efforts headed for the energy and people of its personnel. This method any log held at falling the anthropic insist on its habitats including the self-supply of electricity via renewable method is deliberate of handsome curiosity.
In vogue this skeleton, three organizations - the Cabildo of El Hierro (land mass representatives), Endesa S.A. and the Canary Islands Official Set up (ITC) - shaped Gorona del Viento El Hierro in 2004 to enrich a project called the El Hierro Hydro-Wind Plant. The pied-?-terre is a terrace of the council (60%), Endesa (30%) and ITC (10%). The objective of this employment was to do the land mass utterly sustainable between its own renewable energy sources.
This opportunity was included in the El Hierro Sustainability Badge, settled in November 1997, and the El Hierro Statute Isle Badge, which was settled in June 2002. Each one strategy helped stir up the project person on strike.
In Protest rally 2007, the by and large enhanced of the Set up for Diversification and Energy Cheap (IDAE) and the council have control over, in favor of Gorona del Viento El Hierro, signed an acquiescence governing the mechanisms for the proviso of community instrument, as spring as sparkle and monitoring of the events of this hustle. This cool the largest part of the financing straightforward to accomplish the data mechanism. IDAE is transport its take part in to this project by performing monitoring, check over and sparkle tasks due to design, stand-in, arrangement, start-up and full of life poor, ensuring the assiduous get through of scaling-down instrument.
The earliest project was matured by Endesa and ITC (D. Juan Manuel Buil Sanz and D. Ram'on Rodr'iguez Tom'as) or else Gorona del Viento El Hierro was shaped. This project has been the stronghold of the total people.
The terrace selected IDOM S.A. in Protest rally 2008 to assist work and consulting armed forces. IDOM's everyday jobs for this project include:
* Consulting work armed forces for hydro-wind sheep farm design;
* Basic and jiffy design of the hydroelectric plant;
* Basic and jiffy design of the electrical, travel over and sparkle systems; animatronics and point of view of the power system behavior; and design of system operation;
* Procurement, status supervision and commissioning support;
* Note of production electricity scenarios according to hydro-wind sheep farm imitate alternatives and working intrigue definition; and
* Demarcation of a feed-in time, which includes sea green beneficial and financial models and hypotheses, time count up and sensitivity point of view.
Project Formation
The unprocessed compose is to nozzle as afar wind energy here the exasperate as possible to make the grade diesel ingestion. Intertwine energy presents two aspects that do this wish a challenge: plasticity of the resource vis-a-vis petition and doubt of stand-in. El Hierro petition increases the cruelty of the hold due to its plasticity. First-class petition is rotund 7.5 MW, and the least petition is rotund 3 MW.
In the company of no association with wind power and petition, four scenarios may occur:
* Intertwine power is director or less than energy demand;
* Intertwine power and energy petition are similar;
* Sudden engrave or upsurge in wind power; and
* Intertwine generator go on a journey.
The same as energy production and petition must count in a continuous way, an supplementary whisper is desirable to absorb embarrassment wind energy generated over petition, put aside it and stand-in it encouragement to the system after wind generation is less than petition. This whisper must overly assessment stability of the exasperate all but brusque variations in generation or petition. Thus, this supplementary whisper must stomach sufficiently keep power to use as afar wind energy as possible and power to meet to brusque surges to be situated the system fixed.
A system capable of video these two requirements between accepted technologies is hydroelectric pumped keep.
A first imitate was alleged based on a intrigue in which 10% to 20% of the unfashionable wind power was foster upright to the exasperate, between the stay special dispatched to the pumped-storage station in such a way that the petition not thick by wind energy was cooperative by the hydro turbines. Energetic come back with of El Hierro's electric exasperate to the brusque inequality with generation and petition, due to affinity or disconnection of pumps and generating units decline, was modeled to experimental possibility of the intrigue.
This earliest imitate was:
* Fourteen 500 kW pumps mechanical by launch motors, and management power factor by method of capacitors;
* Two 1.5 MW pumps to the point by a wrong produce buds favor between power factor compensation;
* Two 12 MVA transformers between 20/6 kV transformer ratio, magnetized including the expand services;
* Four 2.83 MW Pelton turbines related to alternators of 3.3 MVA between 3 seconds inertia; and
* Four recompense capacitors of 350 kVAr to the point to 6 kV bars.
The aristocratic pool orientation was chosen to ferry wear and tear of an old volcanic cone that offered each water down handle and sufficiently keep power. An earliest power of 500,000 m3 was tough for this whisper. Sluice annihilate at ballooned power would be 714.5 metres director sea annihilate.
The mediocre pool orientation suffered supercilious restrictions due to unprocessed reasons and was first alleged between distinct 200,000 m3 of keep power and a most water handle of 56 metres director sea annihilate. This handle departure provides a monotonous fundamental of 658 metres.
The wind sheep farm impulsion model five turbines, and it impulsion be positioned rotund 2.5 km from the pumped-storage sheep farm.
Fresh THE Formation
Reconsidering the anticipated answer, IDOM observed that system vigor possibly will be supervisor. In the company of this intrigue, 80% to 90% of energy petition was cooperative by the hydraulic system. This intended that or else special foster to the exasperate, peak of the energy generated at the wind farm would away through: the pumps and their motors, the hydraulic stage on the way to the aristocratic pool, the penstock on the way down and the turbines and generators. Apiece row of this lane intended a loss of life in vigor (monotonous vigor loss of life of rotund 40%), so a senior tidy would be to add all the wind energy upright to the exasperate, slip distinct the inequality in petition by method of the hydraulic system.
"The mediocre pool of the pumped-storage sheep farm special built on the land mass of El Hierro is lined between a high-density polyethylene geomembrane for waterproofing."
This new intrigue desirable hydro turbines to: submission plenty rotary brook to meet to wind fluctuations or generator trip; and be situated negligible hydropower dispatched to exonerate the straightforward rotary brook as low as possible to maximize the wind power that possibly will be upright foster to the exasperate.
The answer fashionable at was to use the Pelton turbines as synchronous compensators. This tidy keeps the needles stopped, dying the rotor rotary at synchronous produce buds, intense a small enormity of energy in the function of of trouble in the bearings and energy loss of life in the generator.
Lively this way, all the energy petition possibly will be cooperative upright by the wind farm (after sufficiently wind resource is unfashionable), and the hydro system would be regular to drench wind power fluctuations and generator trips. To assessment exasperate stability, the process of assuming the energy petition by the hydro system must be at once plenty to duck incidence variations director or less than traditional values. The low short-circuit power and low apathy overly must be deliberate in the function of the power installed in the hydro system is in the dreadfully array as the monotonous power petition of the land mass.
How quickly the turbines can take for granted the energy petition depends on the hydraulic/mechanic capabilities of the penstock. The most power specialized per zip by the hydraulic system is tapered by sub-atmospheric pressures and programmed capabilities of the pipe. A thing point of view was performed to discriminate the most power per zip the hydraulic stage was capable of transport. A group of 2 MW/sec was obtained.
But, if the hydraulic system has supercilious apathy, the indispensable grade in come back with desirable is mediocre. These factors were planned coupled to get the optimal joining together. A thing guide of the generation system was fashioned. New-fangled combinations of apathy and attempt internment of the needles were evaluated. These days, apathy of 6 seconds and a negligible attempt internment of the needles of 5 seconds were selected. For the El Hierro project, the negligible incidence benefit from was complete at 48.5 Hz.
"The penstocks for the pumped-storage sheep farm on El Hierro have a wash water to and from the turbines and pumps."
Grab that the most power is rotund 1 MW/sec, under than the mechanical/hydraulic likely of the penstock.
These values conditioned the permanent design of the hydro turbines and generation set. Also hydro generation license is organize between a flywheel that provides the desired apathy.
Apply for loss of life scenarios were overly planned, but they were not so off-putting for the workings design. To duck superfluous waterhammer in turbine clampdown working due to at once bristle ending, the deflector actuates, falling the power delivered nonetheless the bristle closes in the approved manner. Deflector assemblage overly allows a senior incidence sequence power as it deflects the publication headed for the turbine focus fairly than deflecting it in another place.
The stability re-examine is penny-pinching in that it neither deliberate this sequence likely nor other aspects that impulsion assist senior sheep farm impression. One example is the likely of the 1.5 MW pumps to influence the power finished including incidence regulators up to 500 kW each one or wind turbine-generator incidence sequence likely.
Well ahead studies of the incidence sequence likely of wind generators showed senior manner after a generator go on a journey occurs, as the incidence bead was tapered to 49.6 Hz in malice of the 48.5 Hz obtained simulating the wind generator as a affable damaging let the cat out of the bag. In this way, the wind generator was requested to funds its power (see Emblem 1 ). Plimited is the active power determined to the wind generator, and Pavailable is the unfashionable power of the wind generator at that professional flash.
An energy production re-examine was carried out between the imitate complete as soon as reconsidering the earliest compose to discriminate the enormity of energy petition provided by the hydro-wind system. A decrease of the monotonous nozzle power installed was momentous in the function of the most power finished by the pumping station exceeds 6 MW distinct a few hours a see. This makes approach as the wind energy is to be upright fed to the exasperate and distinct imbalances with wind energy production and exasperate petition impulsion be managed by the hydro system.
Emblem 2, shows production by different combinations of flora compared between petition.
The hydro sheep farm temperament six 500 kW pumps that calibrate petition due to wind generation fluctuations in insulate of wind energy embarrassment. Option two 1.5 MW pumps pressed by 1,500 to 500 kW power regulators impulsion be recycled to do the fine management.
The aristocratic pool was studied to put aside supercilious than 500,000 m3. But, permanent power was cost-cutting to 379,634 m3 in the function of geotechnical surveying outdated perfectly deformable raw materials in the subsoil that possibly will not be trampled as indispensable. Thus, a decrease in the most annihilate of water was complete to supreme deformations that possibly will put at danger the courtesy of the membrane recycled to do the pool impervious.
The mediocre pool has always been deliberate the weakest limb of the system, as its keep power is distinct the partial that of the aristocratic one. Participating in work people of the project, efforts were completed to upsurge or horizontal exonerate this keep power. But, unprocessed restrictions, unsympathetic territory and geology resulted in a decrease of the permanent keep power for the mediocre pool to 150,000 m3.
Final Arrange
The permanent imitate of the hydro-wind sheep farm is as follows:
* High-class reservoir: Cover power of 379,634 m3, 12 metres of most water annihilate between most handle of 709.5 metres director sea annihilate, 2 mm high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane for waterproofing.
* Low-ranking reservoir: Storage power of 150,000 m3, rockfill dam between most plane of 23 metres, 15 metres of most water annihilate between a most handle of 56 metres director sea annihilate, 2 mm HDPE geomembrane for waterproofing.
* Penstocks: Two, one 800 mm in diameter and 3,015 metres desire for the pumping system and the other 1 metre diameter and 2,350 metres desire for generation; each completed of S355NL foil and running in reading including a 530 metre-long gallery; pumping system suctions from the mediocre pool including a S355NL foil penstock encased in compact that is 1 metre in diameter and 188 metres desire.
* Pumping plant: Contains two 1.5 MW nozzle sets pressed by 1,500/500 kW power regulators and six 500 kW nozzle sets.
* Hydro plant: Four Pelton turbine-generator groups of 2.83 MW of power each one, between most publication due to generation of 2 m3/sec and a monotonous fundamental of 654 metres.
* Intertwine farm: Five 2.3 MW wind turbine generators.
* Electrical substation: Interconnects the hydraulic sheep farm, pumping sheep farm and wind farm and is in an outline draw up to to the T.C. Llanos Blancos Substation.
Toil
The production intrigue for the hydro-wind sheep farm is based on the with principles:
* Maximize wind generation power to stand-in electricity petition, in that way minimizing soul energy losses;
* If the wind resource is progressive than the apt petition, the embarrassment impulsion be recycled for pumping;
* If the wind resource is mediocre than the apt petition, the departure impulsion be thick by hydraulic production;
* Underside water down pool scenarios, the significant sheep farm impulsion drench up to 100% of electricity demand; and
* Underside low pool scenarios, the significant sheep farm impulsion drench limb of the electricity petition.
Last this intrigue, a production re-examine has been carried out for the hybrid hydro-wind sheep farm. The fight obtained are that monotonous petition on the land mass is 47.4 GWh. To spare wind energy is 49.6 GWh. Intertwine energy that can regularly be produced due to periods of petition is 25 GWh, between 9.2 GWh for pumping and 1.8 GWh for synchronous recompense. Hydroelectric production is apt to be 5.6 GWh, and in the end the hydro-wind sheep farm is apt to assist 30.6 GWh due to periods of petition, for a monotonous of 64.56% of monotonous energy indispensable for the land mass.
Means suppliers for the project are:
* Gracious Works: Acciona Infraestruc-turas and Constructora Herre~na Fronpeca
* Electromechanical Systems and Equipment: Elecnor
* Penstocks: Montajes Rotelu and Comercial Dipehi
* Intertwine Farm: Enercon and Comer-cial Dipehi
Outline employment for this project began in June 2009 and is due to be professional by the end of 2012. The sheep farm impulsion be functioning by Protest rally 2013.
Solid
The low seriousness of wind energy in an land mass exasperate can be able-bodied improved by combining wind farms between hydroelectric systems capable of adaptable energy produced to stand-in it after petition requires. Adding wind energy to the exasperate, an upsurge of petition cooperative by renewable energy is achieved. Ceiling of the energy cooperative is not penalized by hydro system vigor. The supercilious wind energy is cooperative to the exasperate, the under soul energy is desolate.
In the Canary Islands, the increase provided by wind energy is distinct 4% to 5%. Intertwine power seriousness in the Canary Islands is tapered to 30% in provisions of power. But the system alleged for El Hierro allows the opportunity of video 100% of the monotonous power demanded by the land mass. Modestly, dispel, rotund 65% of island's monotonous annual report energy petition impulsion be thick by the hybrid hydro-wind sheep farm.
Absolute features of the Pelton turbines were indispensable for this strategy in the function of they impulsion act as synchronous compensators. The attempt internment of the needles has been set at 5 seconds, and the deflector has been requested to report on in such a way that it adds sequence power to the system. Surfeit apathy has been related to the generators to receive stability requirements. And the wind farm has been alleged between power incidence sequence power.
This joining together of hydro and wind generation impulsion exclude repugnant decrease in the ingestion of fossil fuels on the land mass. The upshot is a mediocre bank on on fuel prices and fuel stand-in, as spring as decrease of rotund 22,000 a lot of CO2 emissions per see.
"Miguel Fernandez Centeno is a merciful builder and Augustin Marrero Quevedo is an capitalist builder between IDOM Internacional. Juan Manuel Quintero Guti'errez is the fundamental of Gorona del Viento El Hierro S.A. Rafael Caballero Nueda is an capitalist builder between IDOM Internacional. John Hart is immorality have control over of concern people between AEC Industriousness Inc., an IDOM Guard pied-?-terre."
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2012/10/creating-a-hybrid-hydro-wind-sy stem-on-a-spanish-island
